Scope &
Importance
Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance Market Overview
The infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) market is growing as drug-resistant infections rise worldwide. The antibiotic resistance segment is valued at USD 9.3 billion in 2025 and projected to reach USD 12.1 billion by 2030 (CAGR 5.5%). Growth is fueled by increasing cases, public–private funding, and regulatory support. Asia-Pacific leads the market, South America shows the fastest growth, and pneumonia remains the largest disease segment.
The AMR diagnostics market, worth USD 4.6 billion in 2024, is expected to hit USD 6.7 billion by 2030 (CAGR 6.6%). Demand is rising for rapid, point-of-care tests, especially PCR-based technologies. North America currently dominates, but India and other emerging economies are expanding quickly, driven by the need for early detection and better antibiotic stewardship.
The AMR surveillance market is valued at USD 6.24 billion in 2025 and forecasted to reach USD 8.23 billion by 2030 (CAGR 5.7%). Growth is driven by molecular diagnostics, AI-powered analytics, and government programs. North America holds the largest share, while Asia-Pacific is the fastest-growing region. Hospitals remain the main users, with diagnostic labs gaining momentum.
Despite this momentum, the sector faces challenges: the low profitability of antibiotics, high development costs, and weak investment, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Still, opportunities lie in next-generation therapies such as bacteriophages, CRISPR-based drugs, and microbiome solutions, alongside AI-driven surveillance and portable diagnostics. With sustainable financing and global cooperation, these innovations could transform the AMR landscape and strengthen the fight against infectious diseases.

Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance Market Overview in USA:
The U.S. infectious diseases market is one of the most advanced globally, valued at over USD 24 billion in 2025, with a projected CAGR of 6–7% through 2030. Growth is driven by increasing hospital-acquired infections (affecting nearly 1 in 31 patients daily, CDC) and viral threats such as influenza, RSV, and COVID-19 variants. The U.S. accounts for a significant share of global vaccine revenues, with the influenza vaccine market alone expected to exceed USD 6.5 billion by 2028. Advanced diagnostic platforms, particularly rapid molecular tests, are also expanding at a CAGR of nearly 9%, reflecting the demand for early detection and containment of outbreaks.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a major challenge, causing 2.8 million infections and 35,000 deaths annually in the U.S. (CDC, 2023). The U.S. AMR therapeutics market is valued at USD 3.5–4 billion in 2025, and expected to grow at a CAGR of 5% due to rising resistance in pathogens such as E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Federal funding has increased, with initiatives like CARB-X awarding over USD 360 million to early-stage AMR projects and BARDA investing more than USD 1 billion in advanced-stage antibiotic and diagnostic development. Rapid diagnostic tests for AMR are also gaining traction, with adoption projected to grow 2x by 2030.
Looking ahead, the U.S. infectious diseases and AMR market is poised for steady expansion, projected to reach USD 33–35 billion by 2030. Government incentives such as the FDA’s QIDP designation, which provides market exclusivity and priority review for new antibiotics, are encouraging innovation. However, the market faces hurdles: the average cost of antibiotic R&D exceeds USD 1.5 billion, while uptake remains slow due to stewardship programs and reimbursement challenges. Despite these barriers, strong federal support and industry investment position the U.S. as a global leader in infectious disease management, with increasing focus on next-generation antibiotics, vaccines, and precision diagnostics to combat AMR.
Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance Market Overview in Europe:
The commercial landscape in Europe is being reshaped by hard epidemiology and rising stewardship pressure. AMR is linked to 35,000+ deaths every year in the EU/EEA and an estimated 865,000+ resistant infections annually; the economic drag is ~€11.7 billion per year (PPP) across EU/EEA economies, a recurrent burden that continues to justify spend on novel antibiotics, rapid diagnostics, and infection-prevention solutions. On the demand side, antibiotic consumption fell sharply by 17% from 2018 to 2021, then rebounded to 19.8 DDD/1,000/day in 2023 (vs. 20.1 in 2018)—signalling renewed utilization post-pandemic and exposing variation across member states that vendors must factor into go-to-market plans. In 2023, about 90% of use sat in the community (18.3 DDD/1,000/day) versus 1.6 in hospitals, keeping primary care channels central for stewardship tech and point-of-care diagnostics.
Policy and funding are strong tailwinds. The 2023 EU Council Recommendation sets One-Health targets on IPC, stewardship and national action plan execution, while the Commission and ECDC ramp guidance and monitoring—creating compliance-driven demand for surveillance and IPC solutions. The EU’s health security arm HERA commands ~€2.8 billion (EU4Health) and ~€1.7 billion (Horizon Europe) for 2022–2027, and recent calls include a €13 million instrument for rapid point-of-care susceptibility testing—clear signals for diagnostics innovators. For 2025 specifically, the EU4Health work programme allocates €357.6 million to HERA actions, with procurement and grants as key vehicles—relevant for scale-up pathways and public tenders.
Market access is also moving: Europe has approved new agents (e.g., Emblaveo and Exblifep) for difficult Gram-negative infections, expanding the treatable addressable market while emphasizing antimicrobial stewardship frameworks at launch. Meanwhile, lawmakers debate transferable exclusivity vouchers (TEVs) as a pull incentive—industry sees them as catalytic, while public-health groups raise affordability and spillover concerns. Whichever design prevails, a predictable EU pull-incentive is the swing factor for late-stage pipeline investment and partnering decisions through 2030.
Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance in Asia:
The infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) market in Asia is expanding rapidly, driven by rising infection rates, high antibiotic misuse, and increasing healthcare investments. The Asia-Pacific antibiotic resistance market was valued at USD 2.34 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 3.57 billion by 2030, reflecting a CAGR of about 6.2%. In parallel, the AMR diagnostics segment is expected to grow from USD 1.05 billion in 2024 to USD 1.64 billion in 2030, at a 7.8% CAGR, while the antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) market is forecast to expand from USD 627.6 million in 2023 to USD 967.5 million by 2030 (CAGR 6.4%). These figures show that Asia is becoming a key growth hub for both therapeutic and diagnostic solutions in AMR, reflecting both the severity of the regional burden and growing demand for stewardship technologies.
The health burden of AMR in Asia is particularly severe. Globally, 5 million deaths in 2019 were linked to AMR, of which 1.27 million were directly attributable. South Asia recorded some of the world’s highest mortality, with 21.5 deaths per 100,000 population due to AMR, while Southeast and East Asia saw 11.7 per 100,000. In the WHO South-East Asia Region alone, sepsis accounted for 4 million deaths in 2019, and up to 1.41 million of these were linked to bacterial AMR. For India, the estimated toll was 297,000 deaths from resistance in a single year. Resistance trends are worsening: between 2016 and 2021, E. coli susceptibility to imipenem fell from 86% to 64%, while Klebsiella pneumoniae dropped from 65% to 43%. In 2021, carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii reached 87.5%, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) rose from 28.4% to 42.6% over the same period.
Behavioral and systemic factors continue to accelerate resistance across Asia. Self-medication rates for antibiotics range from 9% to 62% across the region, often linked to misconceptions about their effectiveness against viral infections like colds and flu. In Indonesia, around 75% of respondents believed antibiotics could treat viral illnesses, while in China, more than half of people reported antibiotic use within six months, with about 5% sourcing drugs online. Meanwhile, the agricultural sector is a major contributor: antibiotic use in animal husbandry across China and India is projected to double by 2030, creating spillover risks into human populations. The pace of urbanization is another driver, with Asia expected to host 27 of the world’s 43 megacities by 2030, where high population density and poor sanitation amplify transmission of resistant pathogens. Together, these drivers underscore both the urgency of policy and market interventions and the strong opportunity for solutions spanning novel antibiotics, rapid diagnostics, infection-control systems, and stewardship programs.
Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance in Middle East:
The Middle East is emerging as a pivotal region in the global infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) landscape, shaped by rapid population growth, expanding healthcare infrastructure, and heightened vulnerability to outbreaks. The antibiotic resistance treatment market across the Middle East and Africa was valued at approximately USD 215 million in 2023 and is projected to grow to USD 316.9 million by 2030, advancing at a 5.7% CAGR. Alongside this, the AMR diagnostics market generated USD 213.5 million in 2024 and is expected to rise to USD 314.3 million by 2030, supported by a 6.7% CAGR. Countries such as Saudi Arabia and the UAE are outperforming the regional average, with diagnostics growth rates of 6.9% and 7.1% respectively, reflecting strategic government investment in laboratory networks, genomic surveillance, and digital health platforms.
In therapeutics, the market is showing steady but moderate expansion. The infectious disease therapeutics sector stood at USD 8.2 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 9.61 billion by 2030, at a 3.7% CAGR. While large in value, this segment is less dynamic than diagnostics, underscoring limited antimicrobial innovation and a growing emphasis on early detection and stewardship over reliance on new drug launches. On the other hand, the infectious disease diagnostics market overall is growing at nearly triple the pace, forecasted to increase from USD 1.76 billion in 2024 to USD 3.96 billion by 2033, achieving a 9.4% CAGR. This surge is being fueled by persistent post-COVID testing culture, expanded molecular testing capacity, and new funding for health security programs across Gulf and North African nations.
Universities and Research Institutes:
USA
Colorado State University / University of Tennessee / Southern New Hampshire University / Northern Arizona University / University of Texas / University of Colorado Denver / Adelphi University / Indiana State University / University of Arizona / Texas State University / New York Institute of Technology / National University / Montana State University / University At Buffalo, The State University of New York / Texas Tech University / Virginia Commonwealth University / Oklahoma State University – Stillwater / State University of New York College At Cortland / Syracuse University / University of Pittsburgh / Central New Mexico Community College / University of Southern California / St. John's University / University of Cincinnati / College of Southern Nevada / California State University / University of Wisconsin La Crosse / Portland State University / Fairleigh Dickinson University, Metropolitan Campus / State University of New York College at Old Westbury / Seattle Central Community College / Saint Michael's College / Contra Costa College / Arizona State University / Purdue University / New York University / University of Alabama At Birmingham / University of Washington / Carnegie Mellon University / University of Florida / University of Michigan - Ann Arbor / University of California, Berkeley / Cornell University / University of Pennsylvania / Georgia Institute of Technology / University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Campus / Illinois Institute of Technology / Northwestern University / Brown University / Riverside City College / University of Iowa / University of Miami / University of South Carolina / University of North Alabama
Europe
University of Liverpool / University of Sheffield / University of Glasgow / University of Reading / Coventry University / University of Leeds / Cardiff University / University of South Wales / Nottingham Trent University / Birmingham City University / University of Bristol / University of Dundee / De Montfort University / University of Southampton / Anglia Ruskin University / Sheffield Hallam University / Cardiff Metropolitan University / Brunel University London / University of Huddersfield / Bangor University / University of Portsmouth / Northumbria University, Newcastle / University of Kent / Swansea University / Liverpool John Moores University / Robert Gordon University / University of Aberdeen / Queen's University Belfast / University of Plymouth / University of Gloucestershire / University of Salford / Ulster University / Oxford Brookes University / Heriot-Watt University / University of Buckingham / Durham University / Aberystwyth University / Keele University / University of Lincoln / University of Brighton / University of Strathclyde / University of York / Lancaster University / University of the West of England / University of Bradford / Royal Holloway, University of London / Queen Mary University of London / University of Westminster, London / Manchester Metropolitan University / University of Derby / Teesside University, Middlesbrough / City, University of London / York St John University / Glasgow Caledonian University / London Metropolitan University / RWTH Aachen University / Technical University of Munich / Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich / University of Bonn / University of Heidelberg
Asia/Middle East
University of Malaya / Sunway University / Monash University Malaysia / Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences / Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) / La Trobe University / The University of Adelaide (UoA) / University of Wollongong / Curtin University / Flinders University / Victoria University / Swinburne University of Technology / University of Newcastle / Tunku Abdul Rahman University College / Raffles University / Sunway College Johor Bahru / ASIA Metropolitan University / KDU Penang University College / RCSI & UCD Malaysia Campus / Nilai University / Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL) / Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) / Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) / Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) / UCSI University / International Medical University (IMU) / Taylor's University / The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus / The Hong Kong Polytechnic University / The University of Hong Kong / Hong Kong University of Science and Technology / City University of Hong Kong / Hong Kong Baptist University / The Education University of Hong Kong (EdUHK) / Lingnan University / Upper Iowa University / Hong Kong Shue Yan University / Hong Kong Adventist College / PSB Academy / National University of Singapore (NUS) / Nanyang Technological University (NTU) / James Cook University Singapore / Singapore Institute of Technology (SIT) / Kaplan Higher Education Academy / STEi Institute / Duke-NUS Medical School / NIE Singapore (NTU) / Parkway College of Nursing and Allied Health / HMI Institute of Health Sciences
Hospitals and Medical Centers
USA
Upper River Valley Hospital / Hackensack University Medical Center / Legacy Salmon Creek Medical Center / Houston Methodist Hospital / Hartford Hospital / University of Pittsburgh Medical Center / University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center / UCLA Health: Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center / Mercy San Juan Medical Center / Massachusetts General Hospital / Stanford Hospital & Clinics / Cleveland Clinic / Mayo Clinic Cancer Center / Palomar Medical Center / Johns Hopkins Hospital / El Camino Hospital / Abbott Northwestern Hospital / Banner – University Medical Center Phoenix / Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago / Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center / Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center / Beaumont Hospital / Boston Children's Hospital / Brigham and Women's Hospital / Carolinas Medical Center / Cedars-Sinai Medical Center / Children's Hospital Los Angeles / The Christ Hospital / Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center / Duke University Hospital / Emory University Hospital / Florida Hospital Orlando / Geisinger Medical Center / Inova Fairfax Hospital / Intermountain Medical Center / Lehigh Valley Hospital–Cedar Crest / Loyola University Medical Center / National Institutes of Health Clinical Center / Nebraska Medicine – Nebraska Medical Center / Rush University Medical Center / Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals
Europe
Nuffield Health Bristol Hospital / Vale Hospital / Guy's and St. Thomas' / Asklepios Klinik Barmbek / Clinical Centre of Serbia / Charite – Universitatsmedizin Berlin / Helsinki University Central Hospital / Motol University Hospital / Sahlgrenska University Hospital / Vienna General Hospital / Semmelweis University Hospital / University Hospitals of Geneva / University Hospital Pilsen / LKH Klagenfurt / University Medical Center Freiburg / Armavir Medical Center / ArBeS Healthcare Center for Rehabilitation / Armenicum Clinical Center / Tsaghkahovit Medical Center / Vedi Medical Center / Tsaghkahovit Medical Center / Sf. Gheorghe Hospital / Pitești Pediatric Hospital / Pitești County Emergency Hospital / Bistrița Năsăud County Emergency Hospital / Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital / Topolšica Hospital / Golnik University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases / Novo Mesto General Hospital / Jesenice General Hospital / Ljubljana University Medical Centre / Bispebjerg Hospital / Rigshospitalet / Ringsted Sygehus / Frederiksberg Hospital / Fåborg Hospital / Nyborg Hospital / Svendborg Hospital / Regionshospitalet Holstebro / Aalborg Sygehus / Parkens Privathospital / Hospital of Jerez de la Frontera / Hospital Santa María del Puerto / Hospital Universitario Princesa de España / Hospital Virgen De La Victoria / Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa / Hopital Central Universitario de Asturias / Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín / Hospital Virgen de la Salud
Asia/Middle East
Wooridul Spine Hospital / Ramkhamhaeng Hospital / Wattanosoth Cancer Hospital / Gleneagles Medical Center / Clemenceau Medical Center / Bumrungrad International Hospital / Anadolu Medical Center / Fortis Memorial Research Institute / Prince Court Medical Centre - Kuala Lumpur / Bangkok Hospital Medical Center / Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation / Al Khor Hospital / The Cuban Hospital / Qatar Rehabilitation Institute / Hamad General Hospital / Communicable Disease Center / Saint Jude Medical Clinic / Tanchuling General Hospital / Casimiro General Hospital / Flora District Hospital / Notre Dame de Chartres Hospital / Isaac and Catalina Medical Center / Sto. Ara Medical Hospital / Cayetano Medical Clinic / Divine Care Hospital / Holy Family Medical Clinic / Lemery Doctors' Medical Center / N. L. Villa Memorial Medical Center / St. Joseph Healthcare Inc. / United Doctors of St. Camillus de Lellis Hospital / Dr. Ahmad El Masri Hospital / American University of Beirut Medical Center / Bikhazi Medical Group / Mount-Lebanon Hospital, Gharios Medical Center / Hôpital Libano Français / Cedars Jebel Ali International Hospital / Chittagong Maa-O-Shishu Hospital / Dhaka Medical College & Hospital / Eastern Hospital & Medical Research Centre / Rashid Hospital
Companies and Industries
USA
Stryker / Regeneron Pharmaceuticals / Quest Diagnostics / Pfizer / Nashville, Tenn.-based HCA Healthcare / Merck / Magellan Health / Louisville, Ky.-based Kindred Healthcare / Long Beach, Calif.-based Molina Healthcare / Laboratory Corp / King of Prussia, Penn.-based Universal Health Services / Johnson & Johnson / IQVIA / Gilead Sciences / Franklin, Tenn.-based Community Health Systems / Envision Healthcare / Eli Lilly / DaVita / Danaher / Dallas-based Tenet Healthcare / CVS Health / Cigna / Zimmer Biomet / WellCare Health Plans / UnitedHealth Group / Centene / Celgene / Bristol-Myers Squibb / Brentwood, Tenn.-based LifePoint Health / Boston Scientific / Biogen / Becton Dickson / Baxter International / AbbVie / Abbott Laboratories / Siemens Healthineers / Chembio Diagnostics Inc / Alere / Quest Diagnostics, Inc / Cardinal Health / Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc / Vertex Pharmaceuticals / Mylan Pharmaceuticals / Perrigo Pharmaceuticals / Acella Pharmaceuticals / Athens Research and Technology / Facet Medical Technologies / WuXi Apptec / Sebela Pharmaceuticals / Osmotica Pharmaceutical / Antios Therapeutics / Biothera Pharmaceuticals / MD Biosciences / MGC Diagnostics / ProMed Prototypes / Vida Diagnostics
Europe
Siemens Healthineers / Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd / Trinity Biotech / BioMérieux SA / OJ-Bio Ltd. / Amicomed Inc. / HealthBeacon / Healthera Ltd / Liva Healthcare / Oviva AG / Oxitone Medical / Pacifica Labs Inc. / Px HealthCare / Qured / Novigenix / Genomcore - Made of Genes / Lunaphore Technologies / Gondola Medical Technologies / InfiniteVision Optics / Newsenselab / Accord / Novo Nordisk / Boehringer Ingelheim / AstraZeneca / Teva Pharmaceutical Industries / GlaxoSmithKline / Sanofi / Novartis / Roche / Bayer / ThioMatrix / ABF Pharmaceutical Services / Aperion Biologics / Ares Genetics / BlueSky Vaccines / Haplogen / Hookipa Pharma / s-TARget Therapeutics / Themis Bioscience / Pfizer / Epitopoietic Research Corporation (ERC) / Integra LifeSciences / FLUIDDA / Mithra Pharmaceuticals / A-Mansia Biotech / Taconic Biosciences / BioPorto Diagnostics / Expres2ion Biotechnologies / Veloxis Pharmaceuticals / Bavarian Nordic / Zyla Life Sciences / Medix Biochemica / TILT Biotherapeutics / Charles River Laboratories / Finvector Vision Therapies / Carlina Technologies
Asia/Middle East
Trivitron Healthcare / Bio-Rad Labs Inc. / Mabworks Biotech / Charles River Laboratories / Crown Bioscience / CStone Pharmaceuticals / Hologic / Origene / Sino Biological / Shenogen Pharma / Paragon Medical / Clover Biopharmaceuticals / HitGen / Yao Pharma / Magpie Pharmaceuticals / BioMarin Pharmaceutical / Charles River Laboratories / Navitas Life Sciences / Richcore Lifesciences / Zumutor Biologics / Vyome Therapeutics / Sphaera Pharma / Bharat Biotech / Global Pharma Tek / Hinge Clinica / Sun Pharmaceuticals / Kringle Pharma / Ora Clinical / Noile-Immune Biotech / Teleflex Medical / LegoChemBio / Bridge Biotherapeutics / Samsung Bioepis / HanAll Biopharma / Eutilex / Daewoong Pharmaceutical / STC-Stem Cell Treatment & Research Institute (STRI) / GC Pharma / Novotech / Neopeutics / Invitrogen / Chugai Pharmabody Research / GlaxoSmithKline / Singapore Advanced Biologics / Sphaera Pharma / Genome & Company / Immunwork / Worldwide Clinical trials
Societies and Associations
USA
Infectious Diseases Society / Infectious Disease Association of California / Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America / National Foundation for Infectious Diseases / Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada (AMMI) / Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) / Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) / Provincial Infectious Diseases Advisory Committee (PIDAC) / Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America / International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID) / Immunize Canada / Ontario Hospital Association (OHA) / American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology / American Board of Allergy & Immunology / National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases / College of American Pathologists / Centers for Disease Control / American Academy of Ambulatory Care Nursing (AAACN) / Case Management Society of America (CMSA) / Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC) / National Association for Healthcare Quality (NAHQ) / Society For Health Care Strategy & Market Development (SHSMD) / American Society for Microbiology
Europe
European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases: ESPID / European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases / European Respiratory Society / Healthcare Infection Society / European Lung Foundation – ELF / European Association of Urology / The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology / ESICM – European society of intensive medicine / British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy / Society for Hematopathology / European AIDS Clinical Society / European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control / International Society for Infectious Diseases / British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC) / Microbiology Society / British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) / The Hospital Infection Society (HIS) / Infection Prevention Society (IPS) / British Society for Medical Mycology (BSMM) / The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (RSTMH) / UK Clinical Virology Network / Royal Society for Public Health (RSPH) / Health Protection Scotland
Asia/Middle East
Asia Pacific Society of Infection Control – APSIC / Asian Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases: ASPID / The Urological Association of Asia / Infection Control Association / ASID - Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases / Japan Society for Surgical Infection / Asia-Pacific Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infection (APSCMI) / Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology / Israeli Society for Infectious Diseases / The South East Asia Infectious Disease Clinical Research Network (SEAICRN) / The Asia Fungal Working Group (AFWG) / The Asian Association of UTI & STI (AAUS) / Infectious Disease Association of Thailand / The Hong Kong Infection Control Nurses’ Association / Emirates Society of Emergency Medicine (ESEM) / Infection Control Association (Singapore) / Society of Infectious Disease (Singapore) / The Lebanese Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology
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Max Seats
15 seats
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Speaker Time
20 mins
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